Annatto (Bixa orellana) is a bushy evergreen shrub or small tree that thrives in India's warm, humid regions. It bears showy pink-to-white flowers followed by clusters of striking heart-shaped, soft-spined capsules that ripen from red to brown.
Each pod splits to reveal numerous bright crimson seeds coated in the pigment bixin, the source of the natural colourant commonly called sindoor or annatto. The plant is grown both as an ornamental and as a useful dye crop in tropical gardens across South and East India.
Easy to grow and quick to establish, it is a rewarding choice for large gardens, hedges and home boundaries where its colourful seed-pods provide year-round interest.
Specifications
| Family |
Bixaceae |
| Native region |
Tropical America (Central & South America) |
| Mature height |
3-5 m (up to 6 m as a tree) |
| Mature spread |
2-4 m |
| Growth rate |
Fast |
| Foliage |
Evergreen, broad heart-shaped glossy green leaves |
| Flower colour |
Pink to white |
| Flower season |
Mainly post-monsoon (Sep-Dec), can flower year-round in warm zones |
| Climate zone |
Tropical and subtropical; suits most of peninsular and eastern India |
Care guide
| Sunlight |
Full sun for best flowering and seed-pod production; tolerates light partial shade |
| Watering |
Regular watering to keep soil moist when young; water-wise once established, avoid waterlogging |
| Soil / mix |
Well-drained loamy or sandy-loam soil rich in organic matter; tolerates a range of soils |
| Temperature |
Loves warmth, 20-35 C; sensitive to frost and cold below 10 C |
| Humidity |
Prefers moderate to high humidity typical of tropical India |
| Fertilizer |
Apply well-rotted compost or balanced NPK at the start of monsoon and again post-monsoon |
| Pruning |
Prune after seed-pods are harvested to shape the canopy and encourage bushy growth |
| Repotting |
Best grown in ground; if potted, use a large container and repot every 2-3 years |
| Propagation |
Easily raised from fresh seed; also by semi-hardwood stem cuttings |
| Pests & problems |
Generally hardy; watch for mealybugs, scale and occasional leaf-eating caterpillars |
| Toxicity / safety |
Seeds and pulp are widely used as a food colourant and are considered non-toxic; not known to be poisonous to people or pets |
| Difficulty |
Easy |
Uses
<p>Annatto is valued in India for both ornamental and practical purposes:</p><ul><li>Natural orange-red dye and food colour extracted from the seed pulp (bixin), used in cooking, butter, cheese and confectionery.</li><li>Traditional colourant for fabrics, cosmetics and lip/face tints.</li><li>Decorative shrub or informal hedge for large gardens and boundaries.</li><li>The colourful seed-pods are used in dried flower arrangements and craft.</li></ul>
Growing tips
<p>Plant at the onset of the monsoon (Jun-Jul) so seedlings establish with natural rainfall. Choose a sunny, sheltered spot away from cold winds and frost pockets.</p><p>In North India protect young plants over winter, as the species dislikes temperatures below 10 C. Feed with compost before and after the rains, and harvest the seed-pods once they turn deep red but before they dry and split. Prune lightly after harvest to keep the bush dense and productive.</p>
